La economía de las transformaciones del espacio público en vecindarios de bajo ingreso
Palabras clave:
diseño urbano, ventajas del lugar, economía local, reproducción del capital, negociosResumen
El espacio público es un elemento primordial e imprescindible para el esparcimiento y la recreación en las ciudades, especialmente para el incremento de la calidad de vida de los habitantes y usuarios; sin embargo, es escasa su consideración como elemento en la reproducción del capital. Aún, es menos frecuente la consideración de la morfología y el diseño urbano del espacio público como un elemento que influye en la producción de riqueza local así como los efectos que tienen las transformaciones en él mismo. Este artículo explica las cualidades económicas del espacio público en la fase de consumo y en la fase de producción. Esto permite indagar en cuatro aspectos económicos que inciden en la configuración territorial para identificar criterios o características que puede tener o adquirir la red de espacios públicos para lograr consolidar ventajas comparativas locales propias. Así se establecen las bases para la construcción de valor en cada colonia o vecindario, a partir de las posibilidades propias relacionadas con el diseño urbano para el surgimiento y sostenimiento de negocios mediante la atracción de capitales externos, o la prosperidad de los capitales nativos, de todos los tamaños.
Descargas
Referencias
Allen, J. y D. B. Massey. (1988) The Economy in Question. Londres: Newbury Park, Calif., Sage Publications in association with the Open University.
Ambrose, P. (1994). Urban Process and Power. Londres: Routledge.
Amin, A. (2000). "The Economic Base of Contemporary Cities". A Companion to the City. G. Bridge y W., Sophie, editores. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 640 pp.
Baken, R., et al. (1991). "Neighbourhood Consolidation and Economic Development of Informal Settlements". IHS Working paper series núm. 3: 51.
Begg, I. (1999). "Cities and Competitiveness". Urban Studies 36(516): 795-809. (2002). "Introduction". Urban competitiveness. Bristol: The Policy Press.
Bentley, I. (1983). "Bureaucratic Patronage and Local Urban Form". Inédito. Joint Centre for Urban Design, Oxford Brookes University (Oxford Polytechnic).
(1999). Urban Transformations: Power, People And Urban Design. Londres y NuevaYork: Routledge.
Bentley, I., et al. (1985). Responsive Environments: a manual for designers. Londres: Architectural Press.
Black, J. (2002). A Dictionary of Economics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Blokland, T. (2003). Urban Bonds. Social relationships in an inner city neighbourhood. Oxford: Polity Press and Blackwell Publishing.
Boddy, M. (2002). "Linking Competitiveness and Cohesion". Urban competitiveness. Policies for dynamic cities. I. Begg, editor. Bristol: The Policy Press, 33-53.
Borja, J. y M. Castells, M. (1997). Local and Global: the Management of cities in the Information Age. Londres: Earthscan Publications.
Brooks, M. (2005). "The Meaning of Marx's Reproduction schemes". Web. Revisado el 7 de agosto de 2006.
Disponible en: http://www.marxist.com/marx-reproduction-schemes250805.htm.
Byrne, D. S. (2001). Understanding the urban. Houndmills, Basingstoke [Inglaterra]; Nueva York, Palgrave.
Carmona, M. (2001a). "Better Urban Design adds Value". Town and Country Planning 70(10): 280-283.
(2001b). The Value of Urban Design: a Research Project Commissioned by cabe and detr to examine the value added by good urban design. Tonbridge: Thomas Telford.
Carmona, M., et al. (2002). "What value urban design?", Urban Design International 7: 63-81. (2003). Public Places-Urban Spaces. Oxford: Architectural Press.
Cheshire, P. (1999). "Cities in Competition: Articulating the gains from Integration". Urban Studies 36(5-6): 843-864.
D'Arcy, E. y G. Keogh. (1999). "The Property Market and Urban Competitiveness. A review". Urban Studies 36(5-6): 917-928.
Dicken, P. (1998) Global Shift: Transforming the World Economy. Nueva York: Guilford Press.
Gibb, K., et al., (2002). "The Property Sector and its Role in Shaping Urban Competitiveness: a Selective Review of Literature and Evidence". Urban Competitiveness. I. Begg, editor. Bristol: The Policy Press, 336 pp.
Green, A. (1991). "Unemployment, Vacancies and Redundancies". Economic Activity & Land Use. M. Healey, editor. Essex: Longman Group uk Ltd.
Hall, P. (1997). "Regeneration Policies for Peripherical Housing Estates: Inwardand Outward-Looking Approaches". Urban Studies 34(5-6): 873-890.
Hallman, H. (1984). Neighborhoods. Their place in Urban life. California: SAGE Publications Ltd.
Hanna, W. (2004). "Whose street? Informal food vendors in Langley Park and sidro Fabela". Inédito. College Park, Maryland: Urban studies and planning program, the University of Maryland.
Harding, A., et al. (2004). "Reinventing cities in a restructuring region? The rhetoric and reality of renaissance in Liverpool and Manchester". City Matters. M. Boddy y M. Parkinson. Bristol: The Policy Press, 33-49.
Harms, H. (1992). "Self-help housing in developed and third world countries". Beyong Self-Help Housing. K. Math'ey. Londres: Mansell, 33-52.
Harvey, D. (1978). "The urban process under capitalism: a framework for analysis". International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 2(I): 101-131.
(1985a). Consciousness and the urban experience. Oxford: Blackwell.
(1985b). The Urbanization of Capital. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
(1989). The condition of Postmodernity: an Enquiry into the origins of Cultural Change. Oxford y Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell.
(1993). "From space to place and back again: Reflections on the condition of posmodernity". Mapping the Futures. Local cultures, global change. J. Bird, B. Curtis et al. Londres: Routledge, 3-29.
Hass y Olsson. (2014). "Transmutation and Reinvention of Public Spaces Through Ideals of Urban Planing and Design". Space and Culture, 17(1): 59-68.
Hines, C. y T. Lang. (2000). "The New Protectionism of 'Locatization'". The Case against.
Krugman, P. (1997). "The spatial economy: Introduction". Web. Revisado el 29 de agosto de 2006.
Disponible en: http://web.mit.edu/krugman/www/fkvintro.html.
Krugman, P. R. (1996). The self-organizing economy. Oxford: Blackwell.
Lang, T. (2005). "Insights in the British debate about urban decline and urban regeneration". Documento de trabajo. Erkner, Leibniz: Institute for Regional Development and Structural Planning.
Lipsey, R. G. y C. D. Harbury. (1992). First Principles of Economics. Londres: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
Lloyd, P. y P. Dicken. (1977). Location in Space. Exeter: Harper & Row.
Lupton, R. y A. Power. (2002). "Social Exclusion and Neighbourhoods". Understanding Social Exclusion. J. Hills y J. Le Grand et al. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 274 pp.
Madanipour, A. (2003). Public and Private Spaces of the City. Londres: Routledge.
Marshall, A. (1890). Principles of Economics. [S.l.], Macmillan.
Massey, D. (1988). "What is an Economy anyway?". The Economy in Question. J. Allen y M. Doreen. Londres: Sage Publications Ltd: 277 pp.
(1995). Spatial Divisions of Labour: Social Structures and the Geography of production. Nueva York: Routledge.
Medhurst, F. y J. Parry Lewis. (1969). Urban Decay. An analysis and a policy. Londres: Macmillan.
Morrison, N. (2003). "Neighbourhoods and social cohesion: Experiences from Europe", International Planning Studies 8(2): 115-138.
Norberg-Hodge, H. (2000). "Shifting direction: From global dependence to local interdependence". The Case Against the global Economy. E. Goldsmith y J. Mander. Londres: Earthscan Pbls.
ODPM, Office for the Deputy Prime Minister and The Bartlett School of Planning UCL. (2004). Living Places: Caring for Quality. Web. Revisado el 24 de mazro de 2006. Disponible en: http://www.odpm.gov.uk/pub/653/LivingplacesCaringforQualityPDF1663Kb_id1127653.pdf
Page, D. (2000). Communities in the Balance. York: York Publishing Services Ltd.
Power, A. (1997). Estates on the Edge. Nueva York: MacMillan Press.
Rodríguez-Bachiller, A. (2000). “Discontiguous Urban Growth: Edge Cities, Global Cities, or Both?”, en R. Simmonds y G. Hack, editores. Global city regions. Their emerging forms. Londres y Nueva York; Spon Press, pp. 260-268.
Rogerson, R. J. (1999). "Quality of life and city competitiveness". Urban Studies 36(5/6): 969-986.
Sassen, S. (2000). Cities in a World Economy. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Pine Forge Press.
Scott, A. J. (2000). The Cultural Economy of cities. Londres: sage.
Simmie, J., et al. (2002). "Innovation and clustering in the London metropolitan region". Urban Competitiveness. Policies for Dynamic Cities. I. Begg. Bristol: The policy Press, 161-189.
Skifter Andersen, H. (2002). "Can Deprived Housing Areas Be Revitalised? Efforts against Segregation and Neighbourhood Decay in Denmark and Europe".
Urban Studies 39(4): 767-790.
(2003). Urban Sores: On the Interaction Between Segregation,
Urban Decay and Deprived Neighbourhoods. Aldershot: Ashgate.
Whitehead, G. (1975). Economics Made Simple. Londres: Chaucer.
